Articles Posted in Estate Planning

More and more people are taking it upon themselves to prepare for the future with an estate plan. While some take it upon themselves to craft an estate and succession plan for their family, it is always a good idea to work with an estate planning attorney to ensure that there are no holes in what you have created. This case illustrates how even the best intentioned estate plans can still have issues that could cause a lot of unintended problems if not corrected now.

Discovering Errors in the Plan

For example, one doctor had built a small specialized practice over the last fifteen years that grossed $1.7 million annually. He had crafted a will and trust for his family that included a wife and children in addition to the creation of a succession plan for his thriving medical practice. However, when the doctor reviewed his plan with an estate planning attorney, a large hole was discovered in his succession plan.

If you are granted a durable power of attorney over another person, it means that you have the right to make financial and legal decisions on their behalf. However, the power of attorney does have its limits, and a recent case that went to the Supreme Court in South Dakota illustrates the importance of clarifying what the capabilities of the power of attorney entail.

Facts of the Case

In the case of Studt v. Black Hills Fed. Credit Union, Dorothy McLean invested a certificate of deposit (CD) with the credit union in 2008. Then in 2012, she moved in with her son, Ronald Studt, and also named him as her attorney-in-fact with a durable power of attorney form. In his role, Mr. Studt would be allowed to transfer and gift property to persons or organizations as long as Ms. McLean’s financial needs could still be met and that the transfers were for estate planning purposes.

A contentious case for estate planners has been reversed, allowing attorneys and clients both to breathe a sigh of relief. The case revolved around whether creditors could go after assets left to a beneficiary in a spendthrift trust. The issue arose in Bankruptcy Court and was recently reversed in the Northern District of Illinois federal court.

Facts of the Case

In the case of Safanda v. Castellano, Faith Campbell created a living trust in 1997 for the benefit of her four children. The trust provided that at her death the assets of the trust would be divided equally among her four children. In addition, the document provided a spendthrift clause that was meant to shield the assets of the trust from any creditors. She passed away in 2007 and one of her children, Linda Castellano, along with her husband filed for bankruptcy in 2011.

Like something out of a made for television movie, last week a woman was sentenced to 23 years in prison for the murder of her eighty year old mother-in-law for the inheritance. It is one of the rare times that a set of laws known as the “slayer statutes” has been applied to a criminal case but serves to highlight the importance of these laws. These statutes prevent a person who has murdered another from inheriting from their victim’s estate.

Facts of the Case

In this case, Diana Nadell was arrested and convicted of the murder of her mother-in-law, Peggy Nadell. The reason behind the killing was that Diana wished to obtain the inheritance from Peggy’s estate, which was worth a little over $4 million. Diana and her husband were expected to inherit half of the estate, but Diana could not wait for her mother-in-law to pass away naturally.

While parents make the vast majority of decisions for their children, it comes as a surprise to many that they cannot automatically make decisions regarding a trust or estate in their child’s name. Estate law protects the interests of the beneficiary above all others, even from the parents of a minor beneficiary. If a parent is not able to sign for their child’s trust or estate, a court appointed guardian is assigned that is also known as virtual representation.

Virtual Representation

The concept of virtual representation occurs when an adult is appointed to speak on behalf of a minor trust beneficiary. Many of the provisions regarding virtual representation are found in the Uniform Trust Code (UTC), Uniform Probate Code (UPC), and state laws. Essentially, virtual representation gives a minor beneficiary the power to speak through an adult that actually has legal capacity to make decisions. A virtual representative can be appointed for minors, incapacitated adults, unborn children, unascertained beneficiaries, and adult beneficiaries that cannot be found.

Estate planning for ranchers and farmers is incredibly important because of the nature of the assets in those estates. Most farmers and ranchers do not have many liquid assets, such as bank accounts and other forms of cash. Instead, most of their estate is invested in their ranch or farm and in order to perpetuate those endeavors a comprehensive estate plan is necessary. These are some of the most common estate planning mistakes of ranchers and farmers as well as how to avoid them.

Failing to Create or Update Estate Plan

Farmers and ranchers typically have more complex estate planning needs than in the typical estate planning process. In many cases, a farmer or rancher will have some children who want to continue the business and others that do not. The types of assets in a farm or ranch can also make splitting an estate much more difficult if you are trying to keep things equitable among your heirs.

The White House recently released its budget proposal for 2016, and one of the major aspects of the plan is to restrict the use and effectiveness of a common estate planning tool: grantor retained annuity trusts (GRATs). The administration has proposed limitations on the use of this estate planning technique in the past, but this is the first time that real change may be enacted in the way that people can use GRATs in their estate plan.

What is a GRAT?

A grantor retained annuity trust is an irrevocable trust that is designed to distribute assets from the trust with little to no gift tax attached. In order to properly establish a GRAT, the creator of the trust places assets into the trust that he cannot touch in exchange for receiving a small portion of those funds through annuity payments over a number of years. The distributions are kept just under the federal gift tax limit so that no federal taxes apply to the distributions.

One of the main challenges for families with wealth is planning for more than a single generation. With the uncertainty of the world, advances of technology, economic upheaval, and more many people are concerned about how to plan for decades or even a century down the line. However, there are ways to plan your estate that can provide for children, grandchildren, and subsequent generations as long as you are willing to plan with some level of flexibility.

Issues with Multigenerational Planning

“People, especially the first generation to have wealth, do have concerns about the future and they aren’t used to thinking in multigenerational terms.” Many legal and financial planners have found that it is difficult for people that have first generation wealth to think past giving to the next generation. This is because they first must adjust to managing that kind of wealth on their own before thinking about transferring it to their children, let alone passing it to subsequent generations.

The House of Representatives recently passed a bill that would eliminate the federal estate tax. The bill is expected to pass in the Senate but be vetoed by the President, thus most likely preventing it from becoming law. However, the bill does bring up an interesting aspect of the federal estate tax, namely, how small businesses and family farms need to estate plan in order to protect their assets.

Federal and State Estate Taxes

Currently, the federal estate tax applies to any estate that is over $5.43 million, and any assets over that amount in the estate can be taxed up to forty percent. State estate and inheritance taxes vary and must be checked on a state by state basis; however, some states can take a significant portion of the estate’s worth if the assets are not properly shielded by an estate plan. For example, Ohio repealed its estate tax in 2013, but Maryland has both estate and inheritance taxes up to sixteen percent on estates worth more than $1 million.

Small, family-owned businesses make up the crux of our nation’s economy. In 2011, there were 28.2 million small businesses in the United States and they make up 99.7% of U.S. employer firms. Many small business owners hope to create a legacy where their family will take over operations once they decide to retire, but it does not always happen. Business succession planning is crucial to determining whether your family should inherit the business or if you should look to other options when you decide that you no longer wish to run the company.

Early Planning is Important

The earlier that you begin succession planning for the next generation, the better off your business will be. To start, have a conversation with the next generation about whether they see themselves running the business when you are gone. It can take over a year to develop a succession plan and between three to five years to implement.

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